[205] Macmillan wanted Britain to retain military bases in the new state of Malaysia to ensure that Britain was a military power in Asia and thus he wanted the new state of Malaysia to have a pro-Western government. [116], In November 1956, Britain invaded Egypt in collusion with France and Israel in the Suez Crisis. This was largely due to employers and the Trades Union Congress (TUC) boycotting it. [163][164], On 25 March 1957, Macmillan acceded to Eisenhower's request to base 60 Thor IRBMs in England under joint control to replace the nuclear bombers of the Strategic Air Command, which had been stationed under joint control since 1948 and were approaching obsolescence. Macmillan was Foreign Secretary in AprilDecember 1955 in the government of Anthony Eden, who had taken over as prime minister from the retiring Churchill. He liked to say: 'I have it both ways: my grandfather was a crofter, my wife's father a Duke.'. [209] Macmillan feared the expenses of an all-out war with Indonesia, but also felt to give in to Sukarno would damage British prestige, writing on 5 August 1963 that Britain's position in Asia would be "untenable" if Sukarno were to triumph over Britain in the same manner he had over the Dutch in New Guinea. Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with British Telecom: 'They were like two Rembrandts still left.'[257]. [9] He was often treated with condescension by his aristocratic in-laws and was observed to be a sad and isolated figure at Chatsworth in the 1930s. ", Torreggiani, Valerio. [169], In addition, Macmillan succeeded in having Eisenhower to agree to set up Anglo-American "working groups" to examine foreign policy problems and for what he called the "Declaration of Interdependence" (a title not used by the Americans who called it the "Declaration of Common Purpose"), which he believed marked the beginning of a new era of Anglo-American partnership. [251], Macmillan was one of several people who advised Thatcher to set up a small War Cabinet to manage the Falklands War. Edward Marriott, 'Obituary Eileen O'Casey', Seidman, Michael. [84] In May 1944 Macmillan infuriated Eden by demanding an early peace treaty with Italy (at that time a pro-Allied regime under Badoglio held some power in the southern, liberated, part of Italy), a move which Churchill favoured. Garry O'Connor, 'Obituary Eileen O'Casey'. [46] The stress caused by that may have contributed to Macmillan's nervous breakdown in 1931. [note 2] This led to the notorious Beeching Axe, destroying many miles of permanent way and severing towns from the railway network. His precise quote, at a dinner of the Tory Reform Group at the Royal Overseas League on 8 November 1985, was on the subject of the sale of assets commonplace among individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: 'First of all the Georgian silver goes. [159][160], Concerned that public confidence in the nuclear programme might be shaken and that technical information might be misused by opponents of defence co-operation in the US Congress, Macmillan withheld all but the summary of a report into the fire prepared for the Atomic Energy Authority by Sir William Penney, director of the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment. Initially nervous around her, Harold Macmillan came to consider the Queen a great confidante, enjoying the fact that he could share all the day's gossip with her and trust that she would tell no one. [154], In the Middle East, faced by the 1958 collapse of the Baghdad Pact and the spread of Soviet influence, Macmillan acted decisively to restore the confidence of Persian Gulf allies, using the Royal Air Force and special forces to defeat a revolt backed by Saudi Arabia and Egypt against the Sultan of Oman, Said bin Taimur, in July 1957;[155] deploying airborne battalions to defend Jordan against United Arab Republican subversion in July 1958;[156] and deterring Iraqi demands of Kuwait by landing a brigade group in june 1961 during iraqi-kuwaiti crisis 1961 .[157]. In fact, this was done at the Palace's request, so that the Queen was not being seen to be involved in politics as had happened in January 1957, and had been decided as far back as June when it had looked as though the government might fall over the Profumo scandal. [277] At times he portrayed himself as the descendant of a Scottish crofter, as a businessman, aristocrat, intellectual and soldier. [139], He became President of the Carlton Club in 1977 and would often stay at the club when he had to stay in London overnight. According to Labour Shadow Chancellor Harold Wilson, Macmillan was 'first in, first out':[117] first very supportive of the invasion, then a prime mover in Britain's humiliating withdrawal in the wake of the financial crisis caused by pressure from the US government. He wrote a pamphlet "The Price of Peace" calling for alliance between Britain, France and the USSR, but expecting Poland to make territorial "accommodation" to Germany (i.e. In October 1963 he disclaimed his peerages for life, took the name Sir Alec Douglas-Home, and succeeded Harold Macmillan as prime minister during a Conservative Party crisis, the most spectacular feature of which was an adultery scandal involving John Dennis Profumo, secretary of state for war from 1960 to 1963. The standard of living had risen enough that workers could participate in a consumer economy, shifting the working class concerns away from traditional Labour Party views. Shot in the right hand and receiving a glancing bullet wound to the head in the Battle of Loos in September 1915, Macmillan was sent to Lennox Gardens in Chelsea for hospital treatment, then joined a reserve battalion at Chelsea Barracks from January to March 1916, until his hand had healed. Macmillan married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, the daughter of the 9th Duke of Devonshire, on 21 April 1920. [11] From the age of six or seven he received introductory lessons in classical Latin and Greek at Mr Gladstone's day school, close by in Sloane Square. In his diary Harold Nicolson noted the feelings of the Tory backbenchers: "They feel that Winston is too old and Anthony (Eden) too weak. Partly as a consequence of this favour, in late October 1957 the US McMahon Act was eased to facilitate nuclear co-operation between the two governments, initially with a view to producing cleaner weapons and reducing the need for duplicate testing. [206], The Indonesian president Sukarno strongly objected to the new federation, claiming on somewhat dubious grounds that all of Malaysia should be included in Indonesia. [201] In the aftermath of criticism about colonial policies in Kenya and Nyasland, Macmillan from 1959 onward started to see the African colonies as a liability, arguing at cabinet meetings that the level of force required to hang onto them would result in more domestic criticism, international opprobrium, costly wars, and would allow the Soviet Union to establish influence in the Third World by supporting self-styled "liberation" movements that would just make things worse. [136] At that time the Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for selecting a new leader, and the Queen appointed Macmillan Prime Minister after taking advice from Churchill and the Marquess of Salisbury, who had asked the Cabinet individually for their opinions, all but two or three opting for Macmillan. The record of Macmillan's own premiership came under attack from the monetarists in the party, whose theories Thatcher supported. Macmillan had further meetings with Aldrich and Winston Churchill after Eden left for Jamaica (23 November) while briefing journalists (disingenuously) that he planned to retire and go to the Lords. [127], Britain's humiliation at the hands of the US caused deep anger among Conservative MPs. I'm only eighty-two. He was known by the nickname 'Supermac,' owing to his charismatic attributes. Macmillan's decision led to increased demands on the Windscale and (subsequently) Calder Hall nuclear plants to produce plutonium for military purposes. It was at his third meeting in London that Macmillan started to assume the mantle of an elder statesman, who offered Kennedy encouragement and his experience that formed a lasting friendship. Macmillan's wartime diaries were better received. She was apparently willing. [222], The Profumo affair of 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. Macmillan had opposed Eden's trip to Jamaica and told Butler (15 December, the day after Eden's return) that younger members of the Cabinet wanted Eden out. "Macmillan and the wind of change in Africa, 19571960. It sparked debate as to whether Labour (now led by Hugh Gaitskell) could win a general election again. Macmillan once noted that Elizabeth "means to be a queen and not a puppet," and that she had the "heart and stomach of a man." Harold Macmillan attended Summer Fields School, Oxfordshire in 1903; Eton College, from 1906, and Balliol College, Oxford, 1912-1914, where he read Classics. [65], Macmillan visited Finland in February 1940, then the subject of great sympathy in Britain as it was being attacked by the USSR, then loosely allied to Nazi Germany. Sterling was draining out of the Bank of England at an alarming rate, and it was getting worse. Eisenhower spoke highly of Macmillan ("A straight, fine man, and so far as he is concerned, the outstanding one of the British he served with during the war"). [217] The full Denning report into the Profumo Scandal was published on 26 September 1963. The prime minister was Harold Macmillan; his wife was Lady Dorothy, rooted by birth in the English aristocracy, and her lover was Bob Boothby, later ennobled by Macmillan as Baron Boothby of Buchan and Rattray Head. [73], After Harry Crookshank had refused the job, Macmillan attained real power and Cabinet rank late in 1942 as British Minister Resident at Algiers in the Mediterranean, recently liberated in Operation Torch. Because Singapore with its ethnic Chinese majority was the largest and wealthiest city in the region, Macmillan was afraid that a federation of Malaya and Singapore together would result in a Chinese majority state, and insisted on including Sarawak and British North Borneo into the federation of Malaysia to ensure the new state was a Malay majority state. One nanny said, 'Feed a cold'; she was a neo-Keynesian. [202] Macmillan embarked on his "Wind of Change" tour of Africa, starting in Ghana on 6 January 1960. [189] The same report stated that a war with China in Laos would "be a bottomless pit in which our limited military resources would rapidly disappear". [263], The House of Commons paid its tribute on 12 January 1987, with much reference made to his book The Middle Way. Nick Rufford, 'A-bomb links kept secret from Queen'. From the same year Macmillan permitted the US Navy to station Polaris submarines at Holy Loch, Scotland, as a replacement for Thor. On 25 September 1963, Sukarno announced in a speech that Indonesia would "ganyang Mayaysia" ("gobble Malaysia raw") and on the same day a mob burned down the British embassy in Jakarta. Instead, the resignation of the new candidate at Stockton allowed Macmillan to be re-selected there, and he returned to the House of Commons for his old seat in 1931. This terrible strike, by the best men in the world, who beat the Kaiser's and Hitler's armies and never gave in. He travelled up and down the country to co-ordinate production, working with some success under Lord Beaverbrook to increase the supply and quality of armoured vehicles.[69]. "Historians, the Penguin Specials and the 'State-of-the-Nation' Literature, 195864. [238] Reading these volumes was said by Macmillan's political enemy Enoch Powell to induce 'a sensation akin to that of chewing on cardboard'. This contributed to the Windscale fire on the night of 10 October 1957, which broke out in the plutonium plant of Pile No. At every crucial moment she acts instinctively and overwhelmingly . 'He was a vain man, and the fact that she loved him so extravagantly was a boost to him. Losing his seat in 1929, he regained it in 1931, soon after which he spoke out against the high rate of unemployment in Stockton-on-Tees. [201] After securing a third term for the Conservatives in 1959 he appointed Iain Macleod as Colonial Secretary. "Harold Macmillan and appeasement: implications for the future study of Macmillan as a foreign policy actor.". He advertised his love of reading Anthony Trollope and Jane Austen, and on the door of the Private Secretaries' room at Number Ten he hung a quote from The Gondoliers: "Quiet, calm deliberation disentangles every knot". '[237] Commonwealth Secretary-General Sir Shridath Ramphal affirmed: "His own leadership in providing from Britain a worthy response to African national consciousness shaped the post-war era and made the modern Commonwealth possible. "The Making of Harold Macmillans Third Way in Interwar Britain (19241935)." US President Ronald Reagan said: "The American people share in the loss of a voice of wisdom and humanity who, with eloquence and gentle wit, brought to the problems of today the experience of a long life of public service. [99][100], Macmillan was Minister of Defence from October 1954, but found his authority restricted by Churchill's personal involvement. However, in genuine old age he became almost blind, causing him to need sticks and a helping arm. Now, you have a real leader. . He saw Butler on the morning of 7 October and told him he planned to stay on to lead the Conservatives into the next General Election, then was struck down by prostate problems on the night of 78 October, on the eve of the Conservative Party conference. Her great-uncle was Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, who was leader of the Liberal Party in the 1870s, and a close colleague of William Ewart Gladstone, Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Salisbury. The love affairs and so on went on just the same as they do today - the difference was, people didn't rat on each other. In his delirium he imagined himself back in a Somme casualty clearing station and asked for a message to be passed to his mother, now dead. Macmillan believed that one way to encourage such co-operation would be for the United Kingdom to speed up the development of its own hydrogen bomb, which was successfully tested on 8 November 1957. Macleod greatly accelerated decolonisation and by the time he was moved to Conservative Party chairman and Leader of the Commons in 1961 he had made the decision to give independence to Nigeria, Tanganyika, Kenya, Nyasaland (as Malawi) and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia). Macmillan's second meeting with Kennedy in April 1961 was friendlier and his third meeting in London in June 1961 after Kennedy had been bested by Khrushchev at a summit in Vienna even more so. September 1957 Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. ', Something else has changed, according to one relative of the pair: 'People then didn't want to ruin each others' lives. Eden appointed Duff Cooper as Representative to the Free French government in Algeria (after the liberation of mainland France, he later continued as Ambassador to France from November 1944) and Noel Charles as Ambassador to Italy to reduce Macmillan's influence. However, it was thought better for him to be seen to defend his seat, and Lord Beaverbrook had already spoken to Churchill to arrange that Macmillan be given another seat in the event of defeat. [95] 'It is a gambleit will make or mar your political career,' Churchill said, 'but every humble home will bless your name if you succeed. "It breaks my heart to see the lion-hearted Churchill begin to sink into a sort of Petain", Macmillan wrote in his diary as the Prime Minister's mental and physical powers visibly decayed. Despite the hostility of large sections of British and American opinion, who were sympathetic to the guerillas and hostile to what was seen as imperialist behaviour, he persuaded a reluctant Churchill, who visited Athens later in the month, to accept Archbishop Damaskinos as Regent on behalf of the exiled King George II. During World War One he served with the Grenadier Guards, attaining the rank of Captain. As early as January 1956 he told Eden's press secretary William D. Clark that it would be "interesting to see how long Anthony can stay in the saddle". He was also a member of Buck's, Pratt's, the Turf Club and Beefsteak Club. Death. . [105] Petain, a successful French general in the First World War, had become senile while heading the pro-German Vichy Regime in the Second World War. [281], Campbell writes that: "a late developer who languished on the back benches in the 1930s, Macmillan seized his opportunity when it came with flair and ruthlessness, and [until about 1962] filled the highest office with compelling style". Having had an abortion in 1951, she was unable to have children of her own and the couple adopted two sons. He told his former love. [260] He was buried beside his wife and next to his parents and his son Maurice, who had died in 1984. 'Sarah looked very much like Boothby and there's no doubt he was her father. While the establishment would protect its own - as it did the King and Wallis Simpson - it did not forgive those who publicly breached the unwritten code. Lady Dorothy was a dutiful political wife and the couple remained together (despite her long-lasting affair with Conservative politician Robert Boothby)[citation needed] until her death from a heart attack at the Macmillan family estate at Birch Grove, West Sussex, in 1966. After the war he joined his family book-publishing business, then entered Parliament at the 1924 general election. She was convinced not least because she was constantly told so that she. It's a shame that Harold misunderstood her. He read avidly about Disraeli, but was also particularly impressed by a speech by Lloyd George at the Oxford Union Society in 1913, where he had become a member and debater. The whole Arab world will despise us Nuri [es-Said, British-backed Prime Minister of Iraq] and our friends will fall. Despite this, three children were born to them in the first five years. In 1976 he received the Order of Merit. His political opinions at this stage were an eclectic mix of moderate Conservatism, moderate Liberalism and Fabian Socialism. Harold Macmillan, who was prime minister from 1957 to 1963, believed in fidelity, loved his wife, and was heartbroken when she died. A family rumour that Boothby was her natural father has been discounted by the most recent and detailed study. Macmillan's archives are located at Oxford University's Bodleian Library.[269][270]. Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika to form Tanzania in 1963. [59] In September 1932 he made his first visit to the USSR. On his first evening as Prime Minister he made a public show of taking the Chief Whip Edward Heath for oysters at the Turf Club. Southeast Asia was a region where racial-ethno-religious politics predominated, and the substantial Chinese minorities in the region were widely disliked on the account of their greater economic success. [74] Macmillan built a rapport with US General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean (SACMED), which proved helpful in his career,[75] and Richard Crossman later recalled that Macmillan's "Greeks in the Roman Empire" metaphor dated from this time (i.e. Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC, FRS (10 February 1894 - 29 December 1986) was a British Conservative statesman and politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. Macmillan was also the minister advising General Keightley of V Corps, the senior Allied commander in Austria responsible for Operation Keelhaul, which included the forced repatriation of up to 70,000 prisoners of war to the Soviet Union and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia in 1945. He insisted on being "undisputed head of the home front" and that Eden's de facto deputy Rab Butler, whom he was replacing as Chancellor, not have the title "Deputy Prime Minister" and not be treated as senior to him. [71], Macmillan predicted that the Conservatives faced landslide defeat after the war, causing Channon to write (6 Sep 1944) of "the foolish prophecy of that nice ass Harold Macmillan". Macmillan initially was concerned that the Irish-American Catholic Kennedy might be an Anglophobe, which led Macmillan, who knew of Kennedy's special interest in the Third World, to suggest that Britain and the United States spend more money on aid to the Third World. [128] Sarah Heath [*] [[Naionalitate: englez: Cetenie Regatul Unit: Religie: anglicanism[*] Biserica Anglican . [26] Prime Minister Asquith's own son, Raymond Asquith, was a brother officer in Macmillan's regiment, and was killed that month. As far as the public perception went, Macmillan was now probably as immoral as Profumo. . His mistress figures neither in the index nor the book, though this probably sprang from discretion rather than bitterness. She was bored by that, and by politics, so she turned to Boothby who was flamboyant and racy and flattering. But we loved each other, and there is really nothing you can do about this, except die. Such rhetoric reflected a new reality of working-class affluence; it has been argued that "the key factor in the Conservative victory was that average real pay for industrial workers had risen since Churchill's 1951 victory by over 20 per cent". [111] He had enjoyed his eight months as Foreign Secretary and did not wish to move. occupations: Leader [8] His paternal grandfather, Daniel MacMillan (18131857), who founded Macmillan Publishers, was the son of a Scottish crofter from the Isle of Arran. Anything he says that is not obvious is dangerous; whatever is not trite is risky. [241], Macmillan was a member of many clubs. Boothby's constituents never had to decide whether their much- loved MP was compromised by his behaviour, since it was never paraded through the tabloids. She was married to Harold Macmillan from 1920 until her death. in, Ovendale, Ritchie. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. [120] He was heavily involved in the secret planning of the invasion with France and Israel. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? [242], Macmillan made occasional political interventions in retirement. Harold Macmillan was an English statesman from the 'Conservative Party' who served as the prime minister of the UK from 1957 to 1963. Richard Gott, 'The Evolution of the Independent British Deterrent'. For the replacement for Blue Steel he opted for Britain to join the American Skybolt missile project. He was Third Scholar at Eton College,[14] but his time there (190610) was blighted by recurrent illness, starting with a near-fatal attack of pneumonia in his first half; he missed his final year after being invalided out,[15][16] and was taught at home by private tutors (191011), notably Ronald Knox, who did much to instil his High Church Anglicanism. [37], Macmillan then served in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in 1919 as ADC to Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, then Governor General of Canada, and his future father-in-law. The child of their tempestuous liaison, Sarah Macmillan, had an unhappy life and an early death at the age of 40. As he put it that day: 'The wind of change is blowing through this continent and, whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact'. If Tim Yeo and Julia Stent's daughter grows up to live a happy life; if she knows her father's identity from the beginning, this - in the light of Sarah Macmillan's tragic life - is all to the good. In one respect, things today are better then they were. If they were reasonably discreet, their private lives remained a matter for themselves and their immediate circle. D. R. Thorpe argues that this, coming after the resignations of Labour ministers Aneurin Bevan, John Freeman and Harold Wilson in April 1951 (who had wanted higher expenditure), and the cuts made by Butler and Macmillan as Chancellors in 195556, was another step in the development of "stop-go" economics, as opposed to prudent medium-term management. 'Windscale: Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster', broadcast on Monday, 8 October 2007, at 2100 BST on BBC Two. And then all that nice furniture that used to be in the salon. He says: 'These relationships were recognised in the past for what they were - an affair of passion - but passions have gone out of life now, and been reduced to sex, while journalists behave like children trying to burst into their parents' bedroom. [147], This period also saw the first stirrings of more active monetary policy. Everybody's entitled to that.'. When Eden resigned in 1957 following the Suez Crisis, Macmillan succeeded him as prime minister and Leader of the Conservative Party. [129][130], On the evening of 22 November 1956 Butler, who had just announced British withdrawal, addressed the 1922 committee (Conservative backbenchers) with Macmillan. And detailed study need sticks and a helping arm 'windscale: Britain 's Biggest nuclear Disaster,! Out in the Suez Crisis, Macmillan was a boost to him the night of 10 October 1957, broke... Much like Boothby and there 's No doubt he was her natural father has been discounted the... 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