A GUI is what computer types call the system of icons, taskbars, and other objects that our computers use to display and access information. Intuition was the widget and graphics library that made the GUI work. This allows users to select or design a different skin at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. [41] Other innovations include the menus on the PlayStation 2, the menus on the Xbox, Sun's Project Looking Glass, Metisse, which was similar to Project Looking Glass,[42] BumpTop, where users can manipulate documents and windows with realistic movement and physics as if they were physical documents, Croquet OS, which is built for collaboration,[43] and compositing window managers such as Enlightenment and Compiz. Quartz Extreme for macOS and Windows 7 and Vista's Aero interface use 3D rendering for shading and transparency effects as well as Expos and Windows Flip and Flip 3D, respectively. They called it Intel 4004; the first computer on a chip. Specific methods to make automated calculation . Apple even employed a visual artist to create an attractive on-screen look and feel.. Best known for its implementation in Apple Inc.s Macintosh and Microsoft Corporations Windows operating system, the GUI has replaced the arcane and difficult textual interfaces of earlier computing with a relatively intuitive system that has made computer operation not only easier to learn but more pleasant and natural. [17], As of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems such as Apple's iOS (iPhone) and Android use the class of GUIs named post-WIMP. This GUI was applied to the Xerox Alto; a research computer that cost an incredible amount of money. It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from NeXTSTEP with UI elements of the original Mac OS grafted on. The IBM DOS Shell included with IBM DOS 5.0 (circa 1992) supported both text display modes and actual graphics display modes, making it both a TUI and a GUI, depending on the chosen mode. It comprises a command-line interface and desktop environment with a windowing system. The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. The Alto greatly influenced the design of personal computers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, notably the Three Rivers PERQ, the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, and the first Sun workstations. This has led to the development of simpler interfaces making a design feature of two dimensionality such as exhibited by the Metro (Modern) UI first used in Windows 8 and the 2012 Gmail redesign. A window manager facilitates the interactions between windows, applications, and the windowing system. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper, file directories looked like file folders, there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired, and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a trash-can icon on the screen. OPEN LOOK was developed from scratch in conjunction with Xerox, while Motif was a collective effort. Apple released the first generation Macintosh, which was the first computer to come with a graphical user interface(GUI) and a mouse. In 1984, Apple released a television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of Super Bowl XVIII by CBS,[28] with allusions to George Orwell's noted novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. [37] Motif eventually gained prominence and became the basis for Hewlett-Packard's Visual User Environment (VUE), which later became the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). Nevertheless, as a medium of communication with machines, they would only build upon the revolutionary changes introduced by the graphical user interface. In the early days of X Window development, Sun Microsystems and AT&T attempted to push for a GUI standard called OPEN LOOK in competition with Motif. The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, and check boxes. [6][7][8] Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC. As versions of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer were released at a rapid pace over the following few years, Microsoft used its desktop dominance to push its browser and shape the ecology of the web mainly as a monoculture. The Icon bar (Dock) holds icons which represent mounted disc drives, RAM discs, running applications, system utilities and docked: Files, Directories or inactive Applications. It was only after 1990, when Microsoft released Windows 3.0 OS, with the first acceptable GUI for International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) PC-compatible computers, that the GUI became the standard interface for personal computers. It came with several application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for America Online's DOS client. Windows Vista uses Direct3D to accomplish this, whereas the other interfaces use OpenGL. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse.[18]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. For the user, the PDP-1 was an unprecedented level of human-machine interaction. Fifth Generation (Artificial Intelligence) - 2010-till date: Which could keep our data safely? Analytical Engine. GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s. In both cases, the operating system transforms windows on-the-fly while continuing to update the content of those windows. It is based in experimental research[citation needed] in User Interface Design trying to expand the expressive power of the existing toolkits in order to enhance the physical cues that allow for direct manipulation. Windows 1.0, a GUI for the MS-DOS operating system was released in 1985. The history of the graphical user interface, understood as the use of graphic icons and a pointing device to control a computer, covers a five-decade span of incremental refinements, built on some constant core principles. After using microprocessors computers become very fast, reliable, efficient, and many more. Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of software application programming in the area of humancomputer interaction. Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants. (The use of multiple tiles, or windows, on the screen could easily accommodate different documents, something that Bush thought crucial.) Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a . The GUI is centred around the concept of files. Updates? Although NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Only around 2,000 of them were ever sold and as such it wasn't really a "consumer" machine. Microsoft at first did not see potential in the Web, and Windows 95 was shipped with Microsoft's own online service called The Microsoft Network, which was dial-up only and was used primarily for its own content, not internet access. ALTAIR 8800; the First Personal Computer The PDP-1 also made it possible for small businesses and labs to get more computing power than ever before. While at the Stanford Research Institute (now known as SRI International), working on a U.S. Department of Defense grant, Engelbart formed the Augmentation Research Center. The Blit, a graphics terminal, was developed at Bell Labs in 1982. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that the visual language introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks. When it was launched from the command prompt, on a machine with a VGA graphics card, it provided its own GUI. 10. The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or GUI (pronounced gooey). Also, the spreading of high-color and true-color capabilities of display adapters providing thousands and millions of colors, along with faster CPUs and accelerated graphic cards, cheaper RAM, storage devices orders of magnitude larger (from megabytes to gigabytes) and larger bandwidth for telecom networking at lower cost helped to create an environment in which the common user was able to run complicated GUIs which began to favor aesthetics. The OS was originally developed by Acorn Computers for use with their 1987 range of Archimedes personal computers using the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors. Graphic User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users. The RISC OS Style Guide encourages a consistent look and feel across applications. Entries may appear in a list to make space for text and details, or in a grid for compactness and larger icons with little space underneath for text. A series of elements conforming a visual language have evolved to represent information stored in computers. Since the mid-2000s, a vast majority of portable devices have advanced to having high-screen resolutions and sizes. The new interface ideas found their way to a computer workstation called the Xerox Star, which was introduced in 1981. The vacuum tubes and diode valves were the chief components of the first generations of computers. I am a motivated computer science student from Prairie View A&M University with keen interest in Software Engineering, Machine Learning and Data Engineering. In 2007, with the iPhone[38] and later in 2010 with the introduction of the iPad,[39] Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for multi-touch screens, with those devices considered to be milestones in the development of mobile devices.[40][41]. About. Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present) The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. However, the Apple work extended PARC's considerably, adding manipulatable icons, and drag and drop manipulation of objects in the file system (see Macintosh Finder) for example. The ability to interact with the media and share one's specialized knowledge has . X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices, graphics hardware, and positioning of the pointer. It was not a commercial product and was intended mainly for research at universities. 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